结构主义

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• politics

• language is constructed

  • subjective

• Human nature is a myth. (Human nature is not perfect.)

• It would not be misleading to use the term "anti-humanist" to describe the spirit of structuralism.

• Formalist: Not what you build, but what the system allows you to do.

• structlist: Not as a whole, but as a basic unit that create the text.

• 索绪尔：语言学转向

  • how do words get the meaning?
• 列维·斯特劳斯 the elementary structure of kinship
• Roland-Barthes：
• 萨特的理论

Characteristics

• 1950s起源于法国
• spread 1970s，notoious in the 1980s
• social fallacy?
• inbetweenness？
• meanings are attributed to the things by the human mind, not contained within them.
• meaning is always outside.
• dawn
  • a structure that shapes
  • courtly
• the song is a son of the chicken, the chicken is the large society.

pervasive: linguistics | sociology | anthropology and other fields in Phds - Semiotics?（符号学？） - About human activity, not natural

索绪尔

• The meaning of the word is arbitrary.🌟, This is also maintained by convention. Words are not motivated signs. There are no inherent meanings.
• Based on arbitrariness. Language is not a reflection of the world and experience but a system which stands quite separate from it.
  • If there are some inherent connection between word and object, we would expect that all languages would use the same signifier to represent the signified.
• What is a sign?
  • made of a signifier and a signified whose connection is arbitrary.
• Relational!🌟? No words can be defined as isolation.

• 索绪尔的例子：怎么确定identify这个列车？它载的人不同、出发时间不同、他可能引擎不同、乘客不同等等；relational；

• Constitutive:建构性的？

  • meanings is constructed and expressed through language. Not already contained within the things.
  • processed food. Because authors used it in various ways.

• Stop and think:

• Agenda and assumptions

• dymustify the literature